21 - Scandium transition metal
Discovered by Lars Fredrik Nilson in 1878
Scandium is a chemical element with symbol Sc and atomic number 21. A silvery-white metallic d-block element, it has historically been sometimes classified as a rare earth element, together with yttrium and the lanthanoids. It was discovered in 1879 by spectral analysis of the minerals euxenite and gadolinite from Scandinavia.
H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57-71 La-Lu Lanthanides
89-103 Ac-Lr Actinides
| Shell | Electrons | Orbitals |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 2 in 1s |
| 2 | 8 | 2 in 2s + 6 in 2p |
| 3 | 9 | 2 in 3s + 6 in 3p + 1 in 3d |
| 4 | 2 | 2 in 4s |
silvery white Appearance
45 u Atomic Mass
1.6 Å Atomic Radius
3.11k K Boiling Point
3 Group
3 Common Oxidation States
1.7 Å Covalent Radius
2.98 g/cm³ Density
18 kJ/mol Electron Affinity
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1 Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d1 4s2 Electron Configuration (semantic)
1.36 Electronegativity
21 Electrons
6.56 eV First Ionization Energy
2, 3 ICSD Oxidation States
633.1, 1235, 2388.6, 7090.6, 8843, 10679, 13310, 15250, 17370, 21726, 24102, 66320, 73010, 80160, 89490, 97400, 105600, 117000, 124270, 547530, 582163 kJ/mol Ionization Energies
1.81k K Melting Point
19 Mendeleev Number
25.5 J/(mol·K) Molar Heat
4 Number of Shells
24 Neutrons
21 Atomic Number
15 Number of Isotopes
1, 2, 3 Oxidation States
4 Period
Solid Phase
21 Protons
2, 8, 9, 2 Electron Shell Occupations