82 - Lead post-transition metal
Discovered by Middle East in ~5000 BC
Lead (/lɛd/) is a chemical element in the carbon group with symbol Pb (from Latin:plumbum) and atomic number 82. Lead is a soft, malleable and heavy post-transition metal. Metallic lead has a bluish-white color after being freshly cut, but it soon tarnishes to a dull grayish color when exposed to air.
Periodic table
| Shell | Electrons | Orbitals |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 2 in 1s |
| 2 | 8 | 2 in 2s + 6 in 2p |
| 3 | 18 | 2 in 3s + 6 in 3p + 10 in 3d |
| 4 | 32 | 2 in 4s + 6 in 4p + 10 in 4d + 14 in 4f |
| 5 | 18 | 2 in 5s + 6 in 5p + 10 in 5d |
| 6 | 4 | 2 in 6s + 2 in 6p |
Electron shells
metallic gray Appearance
207 u Atomic Mass
1.8 Å Atomic Radius
2.02k K Boiling Point
14 Group
2, 4 Common Oxidation States
1.46 Å Covalent Radius
11.3 g/cm³ Density
34.4 kJ/mol Electron Affinity
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2 Electron Configuration (semantic)
2.33 Electronegativity
82 Electrons
7.42 eV First Ionization Energy
2, 4 ICSD Oxidation States
715.6, 1450.5, 3081.5, 4083, 6640 kJ/mol Ionization Energies
601 K Melting Point
82 Mendeleev Number
26.6 J/(mol·K) Molar Heat
6 Number of Shells
4 Electron Valency
125 Neutrons
82 Atomic Number
29 Number of Isotopes
-4, 2, 4 Oxidation States
6 Period
Solid Phase
82 Protons
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4 Electron Shell Occupations
0.129 J/(g K) Specific Heat