28 - Nickel transition metal
Discovered by Axel Fredrik Cronstedt in 1751
Nickel is a chemical element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. Nickel belongs to the transition metals and is hard and ductile.
H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
57-71 La-Lu Lanthanides
89-103 Ac-Lr Actinides
| Shell | Electrons | Orbitals |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 2 in 1s |
| 2 | 8 | 2 in 2s + 6 in 2p |
| 3 | 16 | 2 in 3s + 6 in 3p + 8 in 3d |
| 4 | 2 | 2 in 4s |
lustrous, metallic, and silver with a gold tinge Appearance
58.7 u Atomic Mass
1.35 Å Atomic Radius
3.19k K Boiling Point
10 Group
2 Common Oxidation States
1.24 Å Covalent Radius
8.91 g/cm³ Density
112 kJ/mol Electron Affinity
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d8 Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Electron Configuration (semantic)
1.91 Electronegativity
28 Electrons
7.64 eV First Ionization Energy
1, 2, 3, 4 ICSD Oxidation States
737.1, 1753, 3395, 5300, 7339, 10400, 12800, 15600, 18600, 21670, 30970, 34000, 37100, 41500, 44800, 48100, 55101, 58570, 148700, 159000, 169400, 182700, 194000, 205600, 221400, 231490, 992718, 1039668 kJ/mol Ionization Energies
1.73k K Melting Point
67 Mendeleev Number
26.1 J/(mol·K) Molar Heat
4 Number of Shells
31 Neutrons
28 Atomic Number
11 Number of Isotopes
-1, 1, 2, 3, 4 Oxidation States
4 Period
Solid Phase
28 Protons
2, 8, 16, 2 Electron Shell Occupations