32 - Germanium metalloid
Discovered by Clemens Winkler in 1886
Germanium is a chemical element with symbol Ge and atomic number 32. It is a lustrous, hard, grayish-white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbors tin and silicon. Purified germanium is a semiconductor, with an appearance most similar to elemental silicon.
Periodic table
| Shell | Electrons | Orbitals |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 2 in 1s |
| 2 | 8 | 2 in 2s + 6 in 2p |
| 3 | 18 | 2 in 3s + 6 in 3p + 10 in 3d |
| 4 | 4 | 2 in 4s + 2 in 4p |
Electron shells
grayish-white Appearance
72.6 u Atomic Mass
1.25 Å Atomic Radius
3.11k K Boiling Point
14 Group
-4, 2, 4 Common Oxidation States
1.2 Å Covalent Radius
5.32 g/cm³ Density
119 kJ/mol Electron Affinity
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p2 Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 Electron Configuration (semantic)
2.01 Electronegativity
32 Electrons
7.9 eV First Ionization Energy
2, 3, 4 ICSD Oxidation States
762, 1537.5, 3302.1, 4411, 9020 kJ/mol Ionization Energies
1.21k K Melting Point
84 Mendeleev Number
23.2 J/(mol·K) Molar Heat
4 Number of Shells
4 Electron Valency
41 Neutrons
32 Atomic Number
17 Number of Isotopes
-4, 1, 2, 3, 4 Oxidation States
4 Period
Solid Phase
32 Protons
2, 8, 18, 4 Electron Shell Occupations
0.32 J/(g K) Specific Heat